D Pharma 1st Year HAP Practical Viva Questions and Answers – Complete Guide 2025-2026  

Master Your Human Anatomy and Physiology Practical Exam | Most Expected Viva Voce Questions, Experiments, Tips & Model Answers for D.Pharm Students

Hello friends,  

Welcome to "Ankit Study Point" I’m Ankit, and if you’re a "D Pharma 1st Year" student preparing for your "HAP (Human Anatomy and Physiology) practical exam" , you’ve landed on the right page.  

Practical viva is often the make-or-break section. External examiners love asking fundamental questions on the microscope, blood experiments, histology slides, skeleton, blood pressure, and basic physiology. Many students lose marks here simply because they mug up without understanding.  

In this long, detailed, and easy-to-read blog, I’ve compiled the most expected D Pharma HAP practical viva questions with clear, examiner-friendly answers. Everything is based on the latest PCI syllabus and real exam patterns from universities like BTEUP, RGPV, and others.  

Bookmark this page, share it with your classmates, and revise it multiple times before your practical. Let’s dive in and help you score full marks in viva!  

### Understanding the D.Pharm HAP Practical Exam Pattern  

The practical exam usually carries 80–100 marks (depending on your university) and is divided as:  

- Synopsis (10 marks)  

- Major Experiment (25–30 marks)  

- Minor Experiment (15–20 marks)  

- Practical Record/File (10–15 marks)  

- Viva Voce (10–20 marks)– This is where these questions come from.  

Pro Tip from Ankit: Keep your practical file neat with labelled diagrams, dates, and signatures. Always revise the principle, procedure, observations, calculations, normal values, and clinical significance of every experiment. Examiners start with the instrument or the experiment you performed.  

# List of Important HAP Practicals (PCI Syllabus)  

1. Study of compound microscope  

2. General techniques for collection of blood  

3. Microscopic study of tissues (Epithelial, Muscular – skeletal, cardiac, smooth; Connective, Nervous)  

4. Study of Human Skeleton (Axial & Appendicular)  

5. Determination of Blood group, ESR, Haemoglobin content, Bleeding time & Clotting time  

6. Total WBC count (TLC)  

7. Total RBC count  

8. Differential Leukocyte Count (DLC)  

9. Recording of Blood Pressure in different postures/conditions  

Now, let’s move to the most frequently asked viva questions section-wise.  

# Section 1: Compound Microscope – The Most Common Starting Point  

Almost every examiner begins with the microscope. Be thorough here.

Top Viva Questions & Answers:

1. What is a compound microscope? What is its principle?  

   A compound microscope is an optical instrument used to magnify very small objects that cannot be seen by the naked eye. It uses two lens systems – the objective lens and the eyepiece lens.  

   Principle: It works on the principle of magnification by refraction of light. Total magnification = Objective magnification × Eyepiece magnification (e.g., 10× × 40× = 400×). It produces a virtual, inverted, and magnified image.

2. Name the main parts of a compound microscope and their functions.  

 

   - Base & Pillar: Provides stability.  

   - Arm: Used to carry the microscope.  

   - Body Tube: Holds eyepiece and objective.  

   - Revolving Nosepiece: Holds and rotates objective lenses.  

   - Stage & Mechanical Stage: Holds the slide; clips secure it.  

   - Coarse Adjustment Knob: For rough focusing.  

   - Fine Adjustment Knob: For sharp focusing.  

   - Eyepiece (Ocular): Magnifies the image (usually 10× or 15×).  

   - Objective Lenses: 4× (scanning), 10× (low power), 40× (high power), 100× (oil immersion).  

   - Condenser & Iris Diaphragm: Controls the amount and quality of light.  

   - Mirror/Illuminator: Reflects or provides light.

3. What is the maximum magnification possible with a compound microscope?  

   Usually up to 1000×–1500× (with oil immersion objective).

4. How do you clean the microscope lenses? Why should you never use xylene on the eyepiece?  

   Use lens paper or muslin cloth with isopropyl alcohol or lens cleaner. Never use xylene on the eyepiece as it can damage the lens coating.

5. Difference between simple and compound microscope?  

   Simple has one lens system; compound has two (objective + eyepiece) for higher magnification.

Preparation Tip: Draw a well-labelled diagram of the microscope in your file and explain it confidently.

# Section 2: Histology – Study of Tissues (Slides)  

Examiners often ask you to identify the slide and explain its features.

Common Questions:

1. What is histology?  

   Histology is the study of the microscopic structure of tissues.

2. Classify epithelial tissues with examples.

   - Simple: Squamous (lung alveoli), Cuboidal (kidney tubules), Columnar (intestine).  

   - Stratified: Squamous (skin), Transitional (urinary bladder).  

   - Pseudostratified, Ciliated, etc.

3. Describe skeletal muscle under microscope.  

   Long, cylindrical, multinucleated, striated fibres with peripheral nuclei. Function: Voluntary movement.

4. Differences between skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle.

   - Skeletal: Striated, multinucleated, voluntary.  

   - Cardiac: Striated, branched, uninucleated (or binucleated), involuntary, intercalated discs.  

   - Smooth: Non-striated, spindle-shaped, uninucleated, involuntary (viscera).

5. What is nervous tissue? Identify neuron parts.  

   Neuron has cell body (soma), dendrites, axon, and Nissl’s granules. Neuroglia provide support.

Tip: Practice identifying 4–5 common slides (simple squamous, ciliated columnar, cardiac muscle, bone, spinal cord).

# Section 3: Haematology Experiments (Blood-Related) – High-Weightage Area  

A. Haemoglobin (Hb) Estimation (Sahli’s Method – Most Common)

1. What is the normal Hb level in adult male and female?  

   Male: 14–18 g/dL; Female: 12–16 g/dL.

2. Why is Hb estimation done? What are the methods?  

   To diagnose anaemia and polycythaemia. Common methods: Sahli’s (acid haematin), Cyanmethaemoglobin (Drabkin’s – most accurate), Spectrophotometric.

3. Principle of Sahli’s method?

   Haemoglobin is converted into acid haematin (brown colour) by adding N/10 HCl. The colour is matched with a standard comparator.

4. What is anaemia? Types?  

   Reduction in Hb or RBC count below normal. Types: Iron deficiency, Megaloblastic, Haemolytic, Aplastic, etc.

B. Total RBC & WBC Count

1. What is the normal RBC count?  

   Male: 4.5–6.0 million/mm³; Female: 4.0–5.5 million/mm³.

2. Normal WBC (TLC) count?

   4000–11000 cells/mm³.

3. Why is Hayem’s fluid used for RBC count and Turk’s fluid for WBC?  

   Hayem’s is isotonic for RBCs (prevents haemolysis). Turk’s lyses RBCs and stains WBC nuclei.

4. What is the formula for cell count? 

   Number of cells/mm³ = (Cells counted × Dilution factor) / (Area × Depth).

C. Bleeding Time & Clotting Time

1. Normal Bleeding Time and Clotting Time?  

   Bleeding Time: 1–5 minutes (Duke’s method).  

   Clotting Time: 2–10 minutes (Capillary tube method).

2. What is haemostasis?  

   Stoppage of bleeding involving vasoconstriction, platelet plug, and coagulation cascade.

D. Blood Group Determination

1. ABO & Rh system? Universal donor and recipient?  

   Universal donor: O negative; Universal recipient: AB positive.

2. What is agglutination? 

   Clumping of RBCs when incompatible antigens and antibodies react.

E. ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate)

1. Normal ESR value?

   Male: 0–15 mm/hr; Female: 0–20 mm/hr (Westergren method).

2. Clinical significance of raised ESR?  

   Indicates inflammation, infection, tuberculosis, rheumatoid arthritis, malignancy, etc.

Section 4: Human Skeleton & Bones  

Expected Questions:

1. How many bones are in the adult human skeleton? 

   206 bones.

2. Difference between axial and appendicular skeleton. 

   Axial (80 bones): Skull, vertebral column, rib cage, sternum.  

   Appendicular (126 bones): Limbs, pectoral & pelvic girdles.

3. Identify important bones (examiner may show models):  

   - Types of vertebrae (cervical, thoracic, lumbar).  

   - Femur, humerus, scapula, clavicle, pelvis.  

   - Classification of joints (synovial, fibrous, cartilaginous).

4. Functions of skeletal system.

   Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell formation (haematopoiesis).

# Section 5: Blood Pressure (BP) Measurement  

1. Normal BP value?

   120/80 mm Hg (Systolic/Diastolic).

2. What is systolic and diastolic pressure?  

   Systolic: Pressure during ventricular contraction.  

   Diastolic: Pressure during ventricular relaxation.

3. **Instruments used?**  

   Sphygmomanometer and stethoscope (Korotkoff sounds).

4. Effect of posture and exercise on BP?  

   BP rises after exercise and may vary slightly in different postures.

# General & Miscellaneous Viva Questions (Frequently Asked)

- Define Anatomy and Physiology.  

- What is homeostasis?  

- Composition of blood (Plasma 55%, Formed elements 45%).  

- Functions of blood.  

- What is pulse? Normal pulse rate?  

- Difference between artery and vein.  

- What is lymph? Functions?  

- Name different types of anaemia.  

- What is immunity? Types (Innate & Acquired).  

# Last-Minute Preparation Tips for HAP Practical Viva  

1. Revise your practical file thoroughly – examiners often ask from what you have written.  

2. Practice explaining experiments in front of a mirror or friends.  

3. Focus on normal values, principles, and clinical importance.  

4. Draw neat labelled diagrams quickly.  

5. Stay calm and confident. If you don’t know an answer, politely say “I’m not sure, sir/ma’am” instead of guessing wrong.  

6. Carry a clean white apron, dissection box (if required), and your index file.

 Conclusion  

Scoring well in D Pharma HAP practical viva is all about understanding basics and presenting them clearly. This guide covers 90% of the questions that repeatedly appear in exams. Revise it 3–4 times, and you will definitely perform better than most students.  

If you found this helpful, please share it with your D.Pharm friends and batchmates. Drop your doubts or specific experiment requests in the comments below – I’ll try to update the blog or reply personally.  

All the best for your practical exams! You’ve got this.  

Stay focused, study smart, and keep visiting Ankit Study Point for more D Pharma notes, practical manuals, important questions, and exam updates.  

Share this on WhatsApp, Telegram & Facebook groups so every D.Pharm 1st year student can benefit.  

Tags: D Pharma 1st Year HAP Practical Viva Questions, Human Anatomy and Physiology Practical, D.Pharm HAP Viva Answers 2025, Microscope Viva, Blood Experiments D Pharma, Hb Estimation Viva, D Pharmacy Practical Guide  

 Written by Ankit – Ankit Study Point

Feel free to reach out if you need the PDF version or more subject-wise guides! Good luck! 🚀